4.
Evaluation Of Different Preparations Of Allium Sativum (Garlic) Against Coccidiosis In Broilers Dr. Muhammad Lateef
by Muhammad Waqas | Dr. Muhammad Ijaz | Dr. Haroon Akbar | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Poultry industry is playing a pivotal role for the prosperity of Pakistan and is growing day
by day. However, this sector is still facing many problems like coccidiosis which are hindering
its progress (Saima et al. 2010). Coccidiosis with the protozoan parasite Eimeria as the
infectious agent causes enormous economic losses, particularly in poultry farms (Dkhil et al.
2011). Eimeria are common parasites in the digestive tract of the hosts causing diarrhea and fluid
loss. Infections begin with oral uptake of Eimerian oocysts which release sporozoites in the
intestine. These in turn invade enterocytes in which they multiply, and finally, oocysts are
released again with the faeces (Renaux et al. 2001). Medicinal plants as natural feed additives
are recently used in poultry diet to enhance the performance and immune response of chicken
(Tanweer et al. 2012). Coccidiosis of chickens is an enteric parasitic disease caused by multiple
species of the protozoan parasite genus Eimeria (Apicomplexa: Eucoccidia: Eimeriidae) and is
one of the commonest and economically most important diseases of poultry world-wide (Shirley
et al. 2005). It causes production losses, and high morbidity (due to acute, bloody enteritis) and
mortality rates. While the control of coccidiosis has relied mainly on the preventive use of anticoccidial
drugs together with the induction of species-specific natural immunity in chicken
flocks (Shirley et al. 2005), this widely used approach is costly and has led to serious problems
with drug resistance in Eimeria populations (Williams, 2006). Levine discovered that
sulphanilamide would cure coccidiosis in chickens, various anticoccidial feed additives have
been developed and added (Levine 1939). Efforts have always been made to add coccidiostats on
regular basis in chicken’s diet. Consistent use of coccidiostats has not only narrowed the gap
between cost of production and returns, it could be a potential threat to human being as a result
Introduction
2
of their residual effects. The increasing resistance of avian coccidiosis to anti-coccidial drugs
currently used by poultry industry together with the requirement for drug and antibiotic free
production systems has meant that it is now important to look for new ways to control the
disease. So, research initiated for possible use of herbal (natural) products against avian
coccidiosis. Herbal products in past have been effectively used for the control and treatment of
several ailments in poultry and human beings. Allium sativum a medicinal plant could be an
effective substitute for coccidiostats because of its chemical nature and antimicrobial activities.
Allium sativum (garlic) have been widely used for their broad range of pharmacological
activities, including antiparasitic activities. Avian coccidiosis is one of the most costly and widespread
parasitic diseases in the poultry industry, and has been mainly controlled by the use of
different chemotherapeutic agents. Due to the emergence of drug-resistant strains, alternative
control strategies are needed (Elbanna, 2012). Hence, further investigations are required to
understand the exact mechanism underlying the effects of these feed additives, which are still in
use in broiler nutrition as performance enhancers and as agents for controlling coccidiosis.
Garlic (Allium sativum ) has been known as an herbal remedy to prevent and treat a variety
of heart diseases and metabolic diseases, such as atherosclerosis, thrombosis, hypertension,
dementia, cancer, and diabetes (Elbanna, 2012). Garlic has rich organosulfur compounds and
precursors (allicin, diallyl sulfide, and diallyl trisulfide). The enzyme allinase that is responsible
for converting alliin (S-allyl cysteine sulfoxide) to allicin is inactive. When garlic is chopped or
crushed, the allinase enzyme present in garlic is activated and acts on alliin (present in whole
garlic) to produce allicin (Tanweer et al. 2012). Many studies indicate that allicin is the
potentially active component of garlic. These compounds provide garlic its characteristic odor
flavor as well as most of its biological properties and have been identified as having the
Introduction
3
hypocholesterolemic effect in human and animal products (Silagy and Neil, 1994; Konjufca et
al., 1997; Chowdhury et al., 2002).
Species of Eimeria in poultry are usually identified by the size and morphology of
different stages of the life cycle of the parasite and the nature and location of lesions in the
intestines. Differentiation of species in mixed infections, however, can be difficult because some
species have similar characteristics (Long and Reid, 1982).
Different workers have investigated the prevalence of eimeriosis in different classes of
poultry birds and in different areas of Pakistan (Dar and Anwar, 1981; Anjum, 1990; Ayaz et al.,
2003). Each Eimeria species has a particular predilection site in the chicken digestive tract; for
example, E. tenella attacks the cecum. However, the most common and pathogenic species that
affects the poultry industry in Pakistan is E. tenella, which results in high mortality (Ayaz et al.,
2003; Abbas et al., 2008).
The increasing resistance of avian coccidiosis to anti-coccidial drugs currently used by
poultry industry together with the requirement for drug and a production systems which should
be antibiotic free, it’s now very much necessary to go for the new and advanced methods to
prevent this disease. Therefore, scientists started to work on medicinal use of herbal products to
control this eimeriosis. In past for treatment of various human and poultry ailments the natural
herbal products have been effectively used several times. Because of the anticoccidial nature and
antibacterial effect, garlic could be served as a valuable alternative for coccidiostats as a
medicinal plant. Previously it has been used for multipurpose like as an antibiotic, for antiinflammatory
effects, for anti- eimerial response and as an anti-ulcer agent. Keeping in view the
importance of poultry industry in Pakistan, the present project has been designed to “Evaluate
different preparations of Allium sativum (Garlic) against coccidiosis in broilers”. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2189,T] (1).
5.
Evaluation Of Anthelmintic Resistance In Gastrointestinal Tract Nematodes Of Goats In Malakand Agency, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
by Abdul Qadeer (2013-VA-859) | Dr. Muhammad Lateef | Dr. Haroon Akbar | Dr. Asim Khalid Mahmood.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Endoparasites are among the major obstacles posed to the development of small ruminants industry of Pakistan. A number of endoparasites are prevalent in Khyber Pakhtun Khwa province and district Malakand. Anthelmintic resistance(AR) is a very important emerging issue in the control of parasites. The current project was designed to study the point-prevalence of various gastro-intestinal parasites of goats in Kot Manzaray BaBa of Malakand Agency and to determine the presence of AR in the parasites prevalent there. Keeping in view the importance of small ruminants in our country and due to the routine use of dewormer, the present project has been designed to achieve our objective. For this purpose Eight Teddy goat farms were selected from different localities of Kot Manzari Baba District Malakand for studies on AR using faecal egg count reduction test and egg hatch test to further confirm the results of the FECRT. Information regarding flock management and worm control practices was collected through a well-structured questionnaire. The questionnaire was filled out by 20 (each) goat farmers, quacks (traditional healers), qualified veterinarians and veterinary assistants through interviews and/or group discussions. Results revealed that majority of the goat flocks were found to have nematode populations resistant to oxfendazole and levamisole. None of the goats were found to have nematode populations resistant to ivermectin accept the Haemonchus contortus which showed a little bit indication of resistance in the study. Majority of the goat flocks were found to have nematode populations susceptible to ivermectin. The frequency of resistance was comparable among Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Teladorsagia circumcincta. Veterinary assistants look after for maximum number of flocks for their healthcare. Awareness level of the healthcare personnel about the parasitic diseases was the highest among veterinary
Summary
75
officers and vice versa. People treat their animal on the basis of sign and symptoms and used modern anthelmintics and not on the basis of faecal examination. Among the anthelmintics, levamisole was found to be used most frequently followed by oxfendazole and ivermectin. Interestingly, in the field the veterinary assistants were the highest users of traditional dewormer in contrast to their training in modern medicine.
Low dosing/under-dosing had a main contributory role in the development and a tendency for the development of AR against all the anthelmintics included in the present study. In a year high treatment frequency had a associated contributory role in the development and tendency for the development of resistance against all the anthelmintics included in the present study. Combined or Mixed livestock farming, especially sheep and goats together, was contributive towards development of resistance against all the anthelmintics classes included in this study. None or partial rotation of pasture was also discovered to take part in the development of resistance against all the anthelmintics included in the study.
CONCLUSIONS
• There is a serious threat of either developed or a tendency for development of anthelmintic resistance against levamisole, oxfendazole and ivermectin in nematode populations of Teddy gaots in the study area.
• The factors that assist to the development of anthelmintic resistance in nematode populations of Teddy goat flocks recorded in the present study can be divided in to operational, inherited, and medicinal, which need to be addressed together as a part of a potent worm control program.
• The level of alertness, awareness and technical know-how is unsatisfactorily poor among all the farmers concerned in small ruminant farming. Therefore, there is no dewormer schedule for
Summary
76
worm control practices in place at present, which describes a severe fear on the future of sheep and goats production on the one hand and permits an immediate attention on the problem of anthelmintic resistance on the other.
• A combined approach based on the application of plants extract with modern anthelmintics appear to be promising for the management of anthelmintic resistance in small ruminants. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2396-T] (1).
6.
Anthelmintic Activity Of Euphorbia Plant Against Gastrointestinal (Git) Nematodes In Goats In District Killa Saifullah, Balochistan
by Wseem Khan (2008-VA-214) | Dr. Muhammad Lateef | Dr. Saadullah Jan | Dr. Haroon Akbar | Dr. Muhammad Avais.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: With the passage of each day, the parasites are becoming more and more drug resistant thus reducing the options for their treatment. There is a need to explore herbal products having anthelmintic activity. The aim of this study was be to evaluate therapeutic efficacy of Euphorbia plant against gastrointestinal nematodes of goats. It is documented that Euphorbia plant extracts have efficacy against GIT nematodes in goats. (CP) and (CME) of the plants were used to evaluate the effect of the plant on GIT nematode in goats. Eighty goats positive for GIT nematodes were selected for GIT nematodes in vivo study of the plant and Albendazole. Goats were divided into 8 groups and each group containing 10 goats. Animals in group A were positive Control Untreated Group, in group B that is B1, B2 and B3 were treated with 1g/kg b.wt. CP of Euphorbia 2g/kg b.wt. CP of Euphorbia and 3g/kg b.wt. CP of Euphorbia respectively. Animals in group C that is C1, C2 and C3 were treated with CME of Euphorbia. At the equivalent dose rate of 1g/kg b.wt CP, CME of Euphorbia at the equivalent dose rate of 2g/kg b.wt CP and CME of Euphorbia at the equivalent dose rate of 3g/kg b.wt CP. Group D were treated with Albendazole at recommended dose rate of 3.8mg/kg body weight. Animals were treated on day zero with crude methyl extract of Euphorbia plant, crude powder of Euphorbia plant, and Albendazole. Sampling was done on day 0 pre-treatment 7, 14 and 21 post-treatment to determine eggs per gram (EPG) of faeces. Data was tabulated and subjected to SPSS and one way ANOVA was performed to find out treatment differences. Potential anthelmintic efficacy of Euphorbia plant against GIT nematodes of goats was a good herbal alternate for treatment of GIT nematode worm infections. Albendazole gave the best results in the in-vivo drug trial. The efficacy of the drug was 99.26%. This efficacy of 99.26% showed by animals in group D was highest in all treated groups. The effect of Albendazole at 21st day post treatment was significantly higher (P<0.05) than other groups treated with Euphorbia plant preparations. Crude powder of Euphorbia was highly effective as (P < 0.05) compared to the untreated control group of animals. The crude powder showed dose and time dependent decline in EPG of the nematodes infested animals. Highest efficacy was shown by the dose rate of 3g/kg body weight monitored for 21 days post treatment. The efficacy of crude powder 1g/kg body weight, 2g/kg body weight and 3g/kg body weight was 17.86%, 20.34% and 36.24% respectively. Highest efficacy was shown by crude methyl extract of the plant given orally at the dose rate equivalent to 3g/kg body weight of the animal. The efficacy of the CME of plant was 53.96% at 21st day post treatment. The old-fashioned remedy used for the cure of helminthes Euphrbia an herbal medicinal plant exhibit the anthelmintic activity against gastrointestinal nematodes. It may be suggested that the herbal plants used traditionally as curative agent should be tested out extensively for their efficacy against GIT nematodes. Further studies are required to be carried out for the Euphorbia plant and identification of active principles of the plant and toxicity studies.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2769-T] (1).
